Roth IRA vs. Traditional IRA

Roth IRAs and Traditional IRAs are two types of retirement accounts for U.S. investors. Is one better than the other? Let’s dive in.

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Roth IRA and Traditional IRA Similarities

First we’ll briefly go over similarities between a Roth IRA and a Traditional IRA.

1. These are both individual retirement accounts (IRA) that are designed to help U.S. citizens save for retirement.
2. Both have contribution limits that cap the money you can invest in them annually. We’ll go over these later.
3. Both have annual income limits for eligibility to contribute. We’ll cover these later too.
4. Contributions can be made with cash or rollovers from other qualified retirement plans.
5. Both have rules on when you can withdraw funds without incurring a penalty.
6. Both offer the advantage of tax-deferred or tax-free growth of your investments inside the account.
7. You must have earned income to be able to contribute to these accounts.
8. There are no special fees or investment products that apply to one versus the other.

Also note that you can open either or both of these types of IRA’s in addition to an employer-sponsored plan (ESP) like a 401k. Again, that’s why these are called an individual retirement account.

Roth IRA and Traditional IRA Differences

Much of the conversation about a Roth IRA versus a Traditional IRA surrounds the differences between these two accounts, so this section will be much longer.

The Traditional IRA is much older and was established in 1974. The Roth IRA arrived much later in 1997.

The main difference of note between these two account types is how they’re taxed. With the Traditional IRA, you contribute pre-tax money to the account while working and then pay taxes on withdrawals later in retirement. That is, you get a tax deduction at the time of the contributions.

With a Roth IRA, you contribute post-tax dollars while working and then withdrawals later in retirement are tax-free. That is, you’ve already paid taxes on the money going in so you don’t have to pay taxes on the growth in the future.

To put it simply, with the Traditional IRA, you pay taxes later, and with the Roth IRA, you pay taxes now.

Another major difference involves required minimum withdrawals, or RMDs for short. The Traditional IRA requires you to start withdrawing money annually at age 73 because Uncle Sam wants his tax revenue. Failure to take RMDs can result in significant penalties. Roth IRAs, on the other hand, do not have RMDs because you’ve already paid taxes on that money.

While we’re on the subject, Roth IRA contributions can be withdrawn anytime tax- and penalty-free because those are just earned dollars on which you’ve already paid taxes. In that sense, the Roth IRA can act as a backup savings vehicle for things like an emergency fund or education expenses. If you have converted another account to a Roth IRA, you have to wait 5 years to do this.

A few special circumstances allow for penalty-free early IRA withdrawals of earnings before age 59.5:

• First time home purchase; you can withdraw up to $10,000.
• Higher education expenses
• Medical expenses
• Death
• Disability
• Substantially equal periodic payments

Consult your tax professional if any of those apply to you.

Roth IRA and Traditional IRA Income and Contribution Limits

Now we’ll cover the specific differences in income and contribution limits for the Roth IRA and Traditional IRA. Note that these typically change every year so the numbers here may be outdated depending on when you’re seeing this.

At this time in 2023, the annual contribution limit for individuals for both IRAs is $6,500 if below age 50 and $7,500 if age 50 or older, up from $6,000 and $7,000 respectively for 2022.

The current annual income limits to be eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA in 2023 are $153,000 if single and $228,000 if married filing jointly. Phase-outs for reduced contributions begin at $138,000 if single and $218,000 if married filing jointly.

The current annual income limits to be eligible to fully deduct Traditional IRA contributions in 2023 are $83,000 if single and $136,000 if married filing jointly. Phase-outs for reduced deductions begin at $73,000 if single and $116,000 if married filing jointly.

If your income (MAGI; Modified Adjusted Gross Income) is above all those limits, you can use a technique called a “backdoor Roth IRA” where you make a nondeductible contribution to a Traditional IRA and then convert it to a Roth IRA, thereby allowing very high earners to legally get around the income limits.

Also note that your IRA contribution cannot exceed the income you earned for that year.

Here’s a recap of those limits in a table:

Rules	Roth IRA	Traditional IRA
2022 Contribution Limits	$6,000; $7,000 if age 50 or older.	$6,000; $7,000 if age 50 or older.
2023 Contribution Limits	$6,500; $7,500 if age 50 or older.	$6,500; $7,500 if age 50 or older.
2022 Income Limits – Single	$144,000; phase-out begins at $129,000.	No deduction above $78,000; phase-out begins at $68,000.
2023 Income Limits – Single	$153,000; phase-out begins at $138,000.	No deduction above $83,000; phase-out begins at $73,000.
2022 Income Limits – Married Filing Jointly	$214,000; phase-out begins at $204,000.	No deduction above $129,000; phase-out begins at $109,000.
2023 Income Limits – Married Filing Jointly	$228,000; phase-out begins at $218,000.	No deduction above $136,000; phase-out begins at $116,000.

Roth IRA vs. Traditional IRA – Which Is Better?

So which IRA is better? Well there’s not a simple answer, and that’s going to depend on multiple factors.

The first would obviously be whether or not you want to deal with required withdrawals or RMDs. Remember that you’re forced to start withdrawing from a Traditional IRA at age 73, regardless of whether or not you need that money, and those withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income. If you still have income at that age, those required withdrawals are going to increase your taxable income and therefore your income tax liability.

Roth IRAs do not have RMDs. You’re not required to withdraw at any age or even at all during your lifetime, making them a great wealth transfer vehicle. Beneficiaries of Roth IRAs won’t owe taxes on distributions, either, as once again, that money was already taxed on the front end.

Another factor is obviously going to be your income. You may be above the income limit for deduction eligibility for Traditional IRA contributions but below the limit for contribution eligibility for a Roth IRA.

Flexibility may be a major consideration. Recall that you can withdraw Roth IRA contributions tax- and penalty-free anytime. This is not the case with a Traditional IRA.

Arguably the most important factor is going to be your best guess about taxes. That is, your choice of one account over the other is a tax planning decision, not an investing decision.

The Roth IRA gets all the press, is newer, and even just sounds cooler, so folks tend to think it’s obviously the one to go with. But many don’t seem to realize that for most people, the Traditional IRA is probably going to be the better choice. The simple reason for that fact is that most people will have little to no taxable income in retirement aside from investment income, so their marginal tax rate is going to be much lower than what it was when they were working and contributing.

We also know spending tends to decrease in retirement as we age, particularly if one has paid off their mortgage and no longer has expenses for dependents, further strengthening the argument for the Traditional IRA.

Of course we must also recognize the fact that tax rates tend to go up over the long term and we can’t predict the future, though we saw tax cuts in just the past decade. If for some reason you believe you will be in a higher tax bracket in retirement, the Roth IRA would obviously be the better choice. Things that may contribute to a higher tax rate in retirement include:

• Social Security benefits
• Pension income
• Self employment taxes on freelance work
• Fewer tax deductions for dependents, mortgage interest, retirement account contributions, etc.

A common misconception is that because Roth IRA contributions are made with after-tax dollars and the compounded earnings over time aren’t taxed later, this must mean it allows for more growth potential than a Traditional IRA, or in other words, that it’s better to tax the seed than the harvest. Unfortunately that’s not how math works. While it may seem counterintuitive at first glance, the resulting yield is the same whether you tax the seed first or the harvest later.

Here’s an example to illustrate using a simplistic, hypothetical 10% tax rate, a 20% growth rate, and a one-time desired pre-tax contribution of $5,000.

With the Roth IRA, my $5,000 is first taxed at 10% which becomes $4,500, which then grows by 20% to $5,400.

With the Traditional IRA, I’ve invested $5,000 pre-tax, which grows to $6k, and I then pay $600 in taxes on it for a resulting amount of $5,400.

However, this hypothetical example assumes a rational investor. Behaviorally speaking, the Roth IRA lends humans the advantage of effectively forcing the investment of the tax savings since the money is taxed on the front end and withdrawals on the back end are tax-free. With the Traditional IRA, tax savings are realized in each current contribution year and may be returned to you in the form of a tax refund, which you may be tempted to spend frivolously.

Another nuanced point is that if you already have a tax-deferred retirement plan like a 401k, using a Roth IRA diversifies your tax treatment in that the 401k uses pre-tax contributions while the Roth IRA uses after-tax contributions. Roth 401k plans do exist but are pretty rare.

If you’re indecisive and eligible for both, you can hedge your bets by opening both types of IRAs and contributing half to each. Doing so effectively insures you against significant changes in tax law and tax rates between now and when you retire.

One could also make the argument that indecisiveness and uncertainty about the future encourage the use of the Roth IRA because it has more flexibility and fewer restrictions. That’s also the reason the Roth IRA is preferred by those in the FIRE movement who want to retire early. Just remember the annual contribution limit applies across both accounts together.

It’s generally a good idea to maximize the annual contribution, and of course I’ve detailed elsewhere how it’s best to get money in the market as soon as possible on average, which is why savvy Bogleheads typically like to max out their contribution at the beginning of each year. But you do have until tax day (usually around April 15) to make contributions for the previous calendar year. Maxing out your retirement accounts is a great problem to have, after which you’d want to contribute to a standard taxable brokerage account.

Traditional IRA vs. Roth IRA Chart Infographic

To recap, here’s a chart in infographic form showing the main differences between a Traditional IRA and a Roth IRA:

How To Open an IRA

Most brokerages like Schwab, Fidelity, Vanguard, etc. offer both Roth and Traditional IRAs. You’ll just choose which one you want when opening a new account. My choice is M1 Finance. The broker has automatic deposits and withdrawals, a sleek mobile app, and dynamic rebalancing of new deposits, among other things. I wrote a comprehensive review of the platform here.

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Do you prefer a Roth IRA or a Traditional IRA? When do you max out your contributions? Let me know in the comments.

Don’t want to do all this investing stuff yourself or feel overwhelmed? Check out my flat-fee-only fiduciary friends over at Advisor.com.

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Disclaimer:  While I love diving into investing-related data and playing around with backtests, I am in no way a certified expert. I have no formal financial education. I am not a financial advisor, portfolio manager, or accountant. This is not financial advice, investing advice, or tax advice. The information on this website is for informational and recreational purposes only. Investment products discussed (ETFs, mutual funds, etc.) are for illustrative purposes only. It is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or otherwise transact in any of the products mentioned. Do your own due diligence. Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Read my lengthier disclaimer here.